Figure 2. Modification of bacteria by chemical methods. A. Carbodiimide method - formation of an amide (peptide) bond between carboxyl groups on the surface of nanoliposomes and amino groups of the bacterial wall. B. Bioorthogonal click reaction between DBCO-modified cerium (IV) oxide nanoparticles and an azide group on the surface of E. coli (adapted from [51]).